Episode 1 – The Spy from Moscow

Nuclear Secrets is a series of spy thrillers exploring the key turning-points in the race for nuclear supremacy. From the development of the A-bomb, via the Cuban missile crisis, to the spread of nuclear weapons to the Middle East and beyond, each story is told through the eyes of the men who risked everything to proliferate their nuclear secrets and those who tried to stop them. Nuclear weapons and the actions of these men have transformed the face of war – and now the world could pay the price.

Today’s offering – The Spy From Moscow – kicks off the series. Soviet Colonel Oleg Penkovsky was a spy in the build-up to the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962 – a conflict which brought people closer than ever to all-out nuclear war.

Penkovsky was one of the highest-ranking Soviet officials ever to spy for the West, and he risked his life providing an unparalleled amount of information to MI6 and the CIA. At the height of the Cuban Missile Crisis, Kennedy could turn to technical evidence unknown to the rest of the world provided by “Agent Hero” – Penkovsky’s codename. One of the most effective spies in MI6’s history, Penkovsky soon realised the KGB were on his tail.

With unprecedented access to KGB archives, the film shows the surveillance footage taken by the KGB as they trailed Penkovsky across Moscow in meetings with his British handlers – Janet Chisholm, a British diplomat’s wife, and Greville Wynne, a British businessman. Declassified CIA transcripts reveal that as America was being targeted, so was Penkovsky. His dramatic story and tragic end is highly revealing of KGB operations at the height of the Cold War.

Episode 2 – Superspy

Viewers discover how one man’s mission started the Cold War in the second in a series of spy thrillers exploring the key turning-points in the race for nuclear supremacy. Superspy unearths how Klaus Fuchs stole the secrets of the Hiroshima bomb and gave these confidential details to the Soviet Union.

During the Second World War, German refugee Klaus was posted to the highest security weapons laboratory in America. His assignment was to help design the world’s first weapon of mass destruction. After joining Robert Oppenheimer’s team, he became an expert on plutonium and secretly plotted how to contact the Soviet spymasters. Under the eyes of the FBI, he slowly pieced together America’s atomic secrets and copied out his notes. Evading security, he smuggled out the complete blueprint of the Nagasaki A-bomb.

In January 1942, Klaus met up with a young mother – who was, in fact, a Soviet spy – and disclosed the classified information of how to construct an A-bomb. In the spring of 1945, he conducted a series of meetings with his Soviet courier, “Harry Gold”.

By 1949, the FBI were on the hunt for the traitor. Klaus escaped to England, where he started a job which placed him at the heart of the British nuclear establishment. While in the UK, he continued to sell secrets.

The superspy’s downfall came when he confessed all to MI5, whom he told: “It’s as though my mind has two compartments.” But the consequences of his actions led the world to fear nuclear Armageddon.

Episode 3 – Superbomb

Two superpowers, one goal – the third of BBC Two’s spy thrillers exploring the race for nuclear supremacy follows the Soviet Union and USA as they struggle to control the most powerful force on the planet and create a “superbomb” that could unleash an explosion 1,000 times greater than Hiroshima.

In April 1946, nuclear scientist Edward Teller, who has become known as the father of the hydrogen bomb, arrived at Los Alamos Nuclear Laboratory to chair a secret conference on the most ambitious weapons project the world had ever seen: the creation of a “superbomb”. Having met initial opposition from his boss, the father of the atomic bomb, Robert Oppenheimer, Teller believed he could build the ultimate weapon.

In Kew Gardens in 1947, a secret rendezvous took place. Soviet Alexander Felisov met his contact who handed over intelligence regarding Teller’s H-bomb. Unknown to Teller, his weapons programme had been infiltrated by a Soviet husband-and-wife team – “the volunteers”.

By 1951, Teller had made the breakthrough he craved when he tested the H-Bomb in Eniwetok Atoll, in the Pacific. For 15 minutes, he waited anxiously to discover that the island had vanished and, in its place, was a crater, two miles wide.

While Teller triumphed in the US, the Soviets were desperate to develop a small bomb that could be dropped by a plane. Chief Scientist Andrei Sakharov was successful in developing this.

Teller discovered what the Soviets were doing and secretly joined the FBI as an informant; he accused his contemporary, Robert Oppenheimer, of not acting in the interests of the US and destroyed his reputation with a powerful testimony.

But it was too late. The Soviets now held the secret to wiping out any city in Europe. Doomsday was now just around the corner…

Episode 4 – Va’anunu and the Bomb

Mordechai Vanunu was the man who was determined to tell the world about Israel’s nuclear capabilities and, by doing so, created a world scandal. Vanunu is the focus of tonight’s spy thriller in the series exploring the race for nuclear supremacy.

Vanunu worked as a nuclear technician between 1977 and 1985, separating plutonium from uranium at the top-secret Israeli nuclear facility. Disgusted by how Israel treated him, and with a growing awareness of the dangers of nuclear weapons, Vanunu collected evidence by taking 60 photos of the top-secret plutonium plant.

Fast forward to September 1986, when The Sunday Times brought Vanunu to London and kept him isolated while they verified his story about Israel’s nuclear plant.

After weeks of isolation in a hotel, he popped out for a newspaper. A beautiful blonde by the news stand caught his eye and he followed her until he plucked up the courage to speak to the mysterious woman. They agreed to meet several more times and Cindy, as she was known to him, bought tickets for them to take a short break in Rome. This, however, was to be Vanunu’s downfall. Cindy was, in fact, a secret agent for Mossad, the Israeli secret service. He was drugged and smuggled back to Israel where he was tried and jailed for 18 years.

He was released last year but was re-arrested for violating his conditions. While he remains a traitor to Israelis, he is heralded as a saviour for nuclear openness to many around the world.

Episode 5 – The Terror Trader

The final episode in this series uncovers the man described as the father of the Pakistani bomb and the creator of the largest nuclear-smuggling ring ever known. It reveals a cat-and-mouse tale of an out-of-control nuclear scientist and Western intelligence.

In 1975, a young scientist copied top-secret blueprints from his Dutch Nuclear company. The thief in question was Dr AQ Khan, a Pakistani nuclear scientist who was working in the Netherlands. His job gave him access to the designs of the key nuclear process, Centrifuges. He flew to Pakistan over Christmas in 1975 with his family and wrote to his employers, stating that he had yellow fever. He never returned and went on to live a lavish lifestyle in Pakistan.

Dr Khan’s motivation was based by his fierce patriotism and his quest to ensure Pakistan was at the centre of nuclear supremacy. The president of Pakistan placed Khan in charge of his nuclear programme, project 706, and he used his network of contacts from Europe to start it up.

In 1998, Khan tested his bomb design and, for the first time, Pakistan revealed itself to the world as a nuclear power. Khan immediately became a national hero. With fame came wealth and the CIA discovered that Khan had acquired a large property empire. The CIA and MI6 were unclear what Khan was up to but, as time went on, the clues grew more alarming.

They set up a joint task force which eventually led to Dr Khan’s “nuclear bazaar”. The world saw for the first time the terrifying scale of Khan’s activities. The president of Pakistan placed him under house arrest, where he remains today.

http://rapidshare.com/files/311813191/BBC.Nuclear.Secrets.1of5.part1.rar

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No Password

BBC 2003
Miranda Krestovnikoff explores few of the best treasures UK metal-detectorists have found in recent years .

1. Lost Goddess

The Near-Baldock Hoard – Some hoards include a variety of precious objects arranged in a deliberate way: they form a ’structured deposit’. The Near-Baldock Hoard – found by metal-detectorist Alan Meek in a field in North Hertfordshire – is such a site, and comprised, from top to bottom: a 15cm silver figurine of a woman (badly corroded); two silver arms from a female figure, and a collection of gold jewellery (a pair of disc brooches, a pair of discs linked by a chain, and a gold clasp set with a red carnelian gemstone, engraved with a standing lion resting its paw on a bull’s head or ox skull); seven gold votive plaques; and 12 silver-alloy votive plaques, which were brittle and fragmentary.

2. Caesar�s Gold

The Winchester Treasure – Archaeologists have found many examples of elaborate personal ornaments worn by the Late Iron Age elite (100 BC-AD 50). But few finds can compare with two sets of gold jewellery recovered by metal-detectorist Kevan Halls in a field near Winchester in Hampshire. Each comprised a bracelet, a necklace torc (or neck-ring), and two brooches linked by a chain (though only one chain was actually recovered).

The objects were found in ploughsoil and, since archaeologists failed to find any other evidence, how they got there remains a mystery. Were they buried for safety, as an offering to the gods, or to accompany the dead on their journey to the underworld?

3. Pagan Silver

The Leicestershire hoards – Amateur archaeologist Ken Wallace recently discovered that a field near his Leicestershire home contained over 3,000 coins of the Iron Age (700 BC-AD 50) – the largest number ever recorded from a single site in Britain.

Other finds included a Roman cavalryman’s gilded parade-helmet, and enormous quantities of pig bone, spread across the ground like a pavement. The coin pits were enclosed by a boundary ditch with an elaborate entrance. The site must have been a sanctuary dedicated to an unknown Celtic god.

4. Cup of Gold

The Ringlemere Cup – Cups were common grave-goods in the Bronze Age (2200-700 BC). Usually made of pottery, they could sometimes be metal, and very occasionally gold. There are several examples of gold cups from continental Europe, but until recently the only one from Britain was that found in a cairn (a pile of stones over a burial) at Rillaton in Cornwall in the nineteenth century.

Then Cliff Bradshaw found another with his metal-detector on the site of a huge barrow (a mound of earth over a burial) at Ringlemere in Kent. About the size of a coffee mug, it has thin corrugated sides, punched dots beneath the rim, a rounded base, and a delicate little handle attached by rivets secured with lozenge-shaped washers. All this detail was immediately apparent to the finder: gold does not corrode but comes out of the ground as untarnished and beautiful as the day it was buried.

5. Suffolk Mystery

Anglo-Saxon bedburial among other finds carried out by Dave Cummings and John Newman . Has this Suffolk site been a mint , a settlement or semetary ?

6. Riches of Rome

The Wheathampstead burials – Two of the richest burials from Roman Britain (AD 43-410) were uncovered by St Albans archaeologists, after metal-detectorist Dave Phillips showed them some spectacular finds. They recovered a total of 153 separate items, including 13 bronze vessels, 14 Samian vessels (fine tableware with a red glossy surface), nine glass vessels, three iron blades, two silver brooches (decorated with sea serpents) with their connecting chain, a bronze lamp-holder, various bronze fittings from a wooden casket, various fragments of ivory, and a bag full of huntsmen’s arrows.

What sort of people were buried with so many top-of-the-range artefacts?

7. Saxons , Vikings and Monsters

The East Lincolnshire sword – Leading Lincolnshire archaeologist Kevin Leahy recently identified five separate, beautifully decorated pieces of gold, found by a local metal-detectorist, as fittings from a single Anglo-Saxon sword handle of the seventh century AD. There was a pommel cap, two plates from the pommel and the crosspiece respectively, and two ferrules from the hilt itself.

Each bore decoration in gold filigree, the applied wire fused with the metal beneath to form an invisible bond. Garnets had been inset in ‘cabochon’ style – which means they had not been cut, but were left as pebbles and polished. The bottoms of the cells in which the garnets had been placed were formed from corrugated gold foil, which reflected the light, making them glitter.

8. Find of the series

Technical Specs

Video Source: DVBc > MPEG2 > Divx
Video Codec: Divx 6
Video Bitrate: ~1550
Video Resolution: 704×432 (1.63:1)
Video Aspect Ratio: 4:3
Audio Codec: MP3
Audio BitRate: 128 kb/s (64/ch) CBR 48000 Hz
RunTime Per Part: 30m
Number Of Parts: 8
Part Size: 350mb

Password: www.docs4you.qfhs.org

pass: calek

I, Caesar

The makers of this series travelled to more than 20 countries to recreate the extraordinary lives of six of the greatest (and most notorious) rulers of the Roman Empire: Julius Caesar, Augustus, Nero, Hadrian, Constantine and Justinian. Some were mad, some were bad, some were downright dangerous, and together they changed the world forever.

Air Date: 1997
DVD Release Date: 4 Jun 2007

Video Specs:
Duration : 00:49:00 (Approx per Episode)
Resolution : 720×480
Codec : XviD MPEG-4 codec
FPS : 29.97
BitRate : 1200 Kbps (approx per Episode)
Quality Factor : 0.12 b/px
Codec : MPEG 1 or 2 Audio Layer 3 (MP3)
Number of channels : 2
Sample Rate : 48000 Hz
BitRate : 160 Kbps

Julius Caesar: the father (100-44 BC)
This guy’s the most famous Roman of them all. He conquered Gaul, he became the subject of a play by William Shakespeare and was famously assassinated by Brutus and his gang of conspirators on 15th March 44BC. Despite this legendary status, the debate still rages over his true nature: was he a military genius, the greatest of all Romans, or was he just a brutal tyrant and a gambler, who was done in for being overambitious?

http://rapidshare.com/files/68407028/I_Caesar_01.part1.rar

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Augustus: the politician (31 BC-14 AD)
Augustus was born with the given name Gaius Octavius but he took the name Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus (Octavian) in 44BC after the assassination of his great-uncle Julius. He also has the honour of being Rome’s first official emperor and is largely remembered for being a shrewd politician. It was Augustus that famously took on Antony and Cleopatra and won, as well as restoring peace after 100 years of civil war.

http://rapidshare.com/files/68457779/I_Caesar_02.part1.rar

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Nero: the suicide (54-68 AD)
Nero is the most infamous of the Caesars and was a power hungry, hedonistic and crazy. He was tutored by the great philosopher Seneca and the first five years of his reign were considered the golden time of the Empire. The trouble with Nero is that he was more passionate about the arts and chariot racing than he was about governing the Empire. His rule soon took a nosedive into corruption, sexual debauchery, fiddling, matricide and the murder of political opponents. Ultimately, several rebellions and mutinies brought about his death by suicide. Such a shame.

http://rapidshare.com/files/68499159/I_Caesar_03.part1.rar

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Hadrian: the builder (117-138 AD)
Hadrian, who came to power in AD117 after the death of his cousin Trajan, was a successful general, but shocked the folk back in Rome by ordering a halt to conquering. He wanted to secure the Empire behind border defences such as the famous Scottish wall. He was also a talented architect — he designed the Pantheon in Rome.

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Constantine: the Christian warrior (306-337 AD)
Although a brutal Caesar who murdered his own wife and son, among countless others, he was the one Caesar who embraced Christianity. His religious conversion is often attributed to a battle with his rival Maxentius, in which, legend has it, he saw the sign of the cross in the sky. It was under his rule that Christianity became the principle religion of the Empire. Constantine’s decision to embrace Christianity was instrumental in making it the dominant religion in the Western world.

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Justinian: the last Caesar (527-565 AD)
Justinian was born a Serbian peasant and was in some ways the last Roman Emperor. He was the last to conquer (or in his case, reconquer) territory, and the last to see the Empire produce great literary, artistic and architectural achievements. Perhaps he is most famous for the Justinian Code, a compilation and standardization of the Roman legal tradition that influences Western legal traditions to this day. A fine legacy, but by the time he died, the Roman Empire was already fading.

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The Chinese
350mb 59min
Password: www.documentaries.qfhs.org

The people who gave us the world’s first fast food including what we call pasta – the noodle. To pay for this delicacy, they came up with paper money, printing with moveable type and a unified system of weights and measures. To move all their goods they invented canals, and the unique segmented arched bridge. To protect their new borders they discovered gunpowder, exploding bombs, paper armour, flamethrowers and the kite. To advance their culture they made the first seismograph and highly efficient double action piston bellow. For pure beauty they gave spun silk, created the firework and lacquer – the world’s first plastic. And, finally, for fun they gave us the beautiful game – football.

http://rapidshare.de/files/24866512/What_the_Ancients_Did_for_Us_2_-_The_Chinese.part1.rar.html

http://rapidshare.de/files/24869285/What_the_Ancients_Did_for_Us_2_-_The_Chinese.part2.rar.html

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The Britions
350mb 59min
Password: www.documentaries.qfhs.org

This programme shows the evolution of the people of Britain from Stone Age hunters to Iron Age warriors. From early people who used animal bone picks to dig mines to a society skilled in the use of metallurgy, bronze, iron and gold. From a nomadic existence to a society organised into tribes with their own coinage and identities. From farmers using simple wooden ploughs to ferocious warriors driving thousands of chariots and repulsing the invading Roman army of Julius Caesar.

http://rapidshare.de/files/24875330/What_the_Ancients_Did_for_Us_9_-_The_Britons.part1.rar.html

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The Islamic World
700mb 59min
Password: www.documentaries.qfhs.org

The rise of Islam is one of the most important events in world history. In the 7th century, Mohammed’s intention was to unite the divided Arabs through a new religion. A century after his death, he’d succeeded in producing a medieval superpower. The Arabs and Moors had spread through Spain towards the Pyrenees. Cordoba became renowned as one of the greatest and wealthiest cities in Europe. Moorish cities such as Toledo and Seville were famed for their new culture and universities.

http://rapidshare.de/files/25630926/What_The_Ancients_Did_For_Us_-_1of9_-_The_Islamic_World_.part1.rar.html

http://rapidshare.de/files/25633756/What_The_Ancients_Did_For_Us_-_1of9_-_The_Islamic_World_.part2.rar.html

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http://rapidshare.de/files/25648340/What_The_Ancients_Did_For_Us_-_1of9_-_The_Islamic_World_.part7.rar.html

The Romans
700mb 59min
Password: www.documentaries.qfhs.org

The city of Rome was founded on the banks of the Tiber in 753 BC and for a thousand years the western world was ruled from within its walls. To support this vast Empire the Romans created complex infrastructure and used the techniques of mass production, centuries before the industrial revolution. In this programme Adam Hart-Davis will find out how the Romans managed to do so much, so long ago and discover just what the Romans did for us.

http://rapidshare.de/files/25651374/What.The.Ancients.Did.For.Us.4of9.The.Romans.part1.rar.html

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The Indians
700mb 59min
Password: www.documentaries.qfhs.org

India is one of the oldest and richest civilizations in the world. It is home to the world’s first planned cities, where every house had its own bathroom and toilet five thousand years ago. The Ancient Indians have not only given us yoga, meditation and complementary medicines, but they have furthered our knowledge of science, maths – and invented Chaturanga, which became the game of chess

http://rapidshare.de/files/25673384/What.The.Ancients.Did.For.Us.5of9.The.Indians.part1.rar.html

http://rapidshare.de/files/25676572/What.The.Ancients.Did.For.Us.5of9.The.Indians.part2.rar.html

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The Mesopotamians
700mb 59min
Password: www.documentaries.qfhs.org

There has always been a great debate as to who kicked off civilisation: was it the Egyptians, the Greeks or the Romans? Well, actually, none of them did. Human history began in the great alluvial plain between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, with its rich and immensely fertile soil: a land known as Mesopotamia. The people that dwelled here eight thousand years ago had learned to irrigate the land with canals and ditches, and were keen farmers. From this came plenty, which relieved man of the need to fight for survival. The Assyrian, Babylonian and Sumerian civilisations flourished here in an area stretching from modern Turkey, to western Syria, and Iraq

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The Greeks
700mb 59min
Password: www.documentaries.qfhs.org

The ancient Greek civilisation flourished for about a thousand years, not as a unified country but rather as a loose association of city states, both on the mainland of Greece and elsewhere around the Mediterranean. The philosopher Plato described the states as being like a series of frogs sitting around a pond. Although the Greeks drew on the ideas of various earlier civilisations, they were the people who, more than any other, handed down to us the foundations of our democracy, our notions of ethics and justice, our science, our mathematics and our music.

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The Aztecs, Maya & Incas
700mb 59min
Password: www.docs4you.qfhs.org

These three peoples lived in a vast area of modern-day Central and South America which incorporates coastal strips, hot and steamy jungles, savannah grassland and cold windy highlands. Though they spoke different languages, they had broadly similar cultures and they worshipped many of the same gods (although they gave them different names). They all used digging sticks, ate maize and beans, respected the number 13 and practised human sacrifice. Interestingly, although they developed the wheel as a toy, for some reason they didn’t adapt it for other purposes.

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The Egyptians
700mb 59min
Password: www.docs4you.qfhs.org

Egypt became a unified country five thousand years ago and – until the arrival of Alexander the Great in 332 BC – remained a fiercely independent land with its own very distinctive art, religion and culture. Egypt was the superpower of its day and her kings were treated as demigods throughout the Mediterranean world – but what did they do for us?

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Great British Journeys, presented by Nick Craine (Coast & Map Man)

We know who explored new worlds, conquered mountains and sailed oceans.

But who ‘discovered’ Britain?

In this fascinating series, Nick Crane investigates eight epic and challenging journeys, following in the footsteps of our greatest indigenous explorers.

From the 12th century to the 20th, from major cities to the wilds of the Hebrides, Nick pieces together how the map of Britain took shape. And, in the process, discovers something about who we are.

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01 – Thomas Pennant
In 1772, Thomas Pennant set out to explore the last remaining blank on the map of the British Isles, a place he described as ‘desolation itself’.
At the time, more was known about America’s east coast than about the Hebrides.

02 – William Gilpin (The River Wye)
In Observations on the River Wye (1770), William Gilpin drew, painted and discussed one of the most beautiful rivers in Great Britain. He did so in order to formulate his theories on landscape, the picturesque and the nature of God.
In seeking out nature and views, Gilpin was actually the first to popularise a pastime we assume is timeless. A country clergyman, he became the genius of British sightseeing, and his journey an important milestone in British tourism. In a sense, William Gilpin’s trip down the River Wye – largely conducted on a boat in pouring rain – was about helping us to see this country in a new light.
In retracing it, Nick Crane sets out to discover why Gilpin made such trips so popular. How was the River Wye affected by the changes that were around in Gilpin’s day? And has Gilpin’s quest for the picturesque corrupted our view of landscape?

03 – Celia Fiennes
Can Nicholas Crane follow in the footsteps of an intrepid 17th century
explorer to the very top of the great precipice at Blackstone Edge? It took
a certain kind of woman to ride a horse from London to the Scottish border.
That Celia Fiennes was courageous there is little doubt, but she was also an
acute observer. Her descriptions make fascinating comparison with the modern landscape. Hardly any aspect of England’s geography escaped her eye.
Celia was fascinated by anything that was new. Country houses and gardens,
the hospitals and spas appearing all over the country: they all spelt out
the march of progress that she thought made England great.

04 – William Cobbett
William Cobbett’s Rural Rides (1821-6) criss-crossed the southern counties – Surrey, Hampshire, Wiltshire. Appropriately they began at the highest point in south east England: Leith Hill, from where a rolling panorama unfolds in every direction.
At the time, England was in flux. The Napoleonic Wars were over, but returning soldiers found the countryside no longer had jobs for them.
Cobbett was convinced this was endemic of a nation tearing its own heart out – that heart being agriculture.
In this journey, Nick tries to find out if Cobbett was right or wrong. Were the advances in agriculture destroying ‘old England’, or was Cobbett just a traditionalist railing against progess? Is anything left of Cobbett’s countryside – and why did his journey nearly land him in prison?

05 – Gerald of Wales
Gerald’s account covers a seven week journey in March and April 1188.

From Hereford, Gerald covered over 500 miles. His route ranged from southern Wales, an area he knew, to the wilder north. Along the way he tackled some of Wales’ steepest mountains and most treacherous rivers.

His trip bequeathed not only the first book ever to be wholly devoted to Wales, but also the most vivid portrait of a British medieval journey ever written.

Gerald made this journey because he and Baldwin, the Archbishop of Canterbury, were under orders from the King to enlist men for the Third Crusade.

Nick sets out to uncover how successful their appeal was. Did their journey work out as planned? And what was it like to travel around Wales 800 years ago, compared to now?

Who was Gerald of Wales?
Gerald de Barri was the son of a Norman knight, and actually only a quarter Welsh.

In 1188, Gerald was in his 40s, archdeacon of Brecon and a royal official. Despite the historical gap, we know plenty about him. He was tall, energetic and an excellent horseman. Apparently he even had shaggy eyebrows!

Arguably Gerald is Britain’s first travel writer. Although he wrote by hand in Latin, he shows qualities we appreciate today. An excellent storyteller, historian and naturalist, he writes with style and flair, keeping his readers interested. He also creates a mental map of Wales, vital in an age before cartography was commonplace.

Gerald never made it to the Holy Land, instead he dedicated his life to writing. By his death in 1223 he’d produced 17 books, a staggering achievement for his era. In fact, because of those books we know more about him than almost any other person living at the time.

06 – Daniel Defoe
Where was the journey?

In the early years of the 18th century, Daniel Defoe travelled around the whole British Isles. As a spy, merchant and journalist, he knew the country better than most. He’d even travelled around it on the run from the law.

He wrote his Tour Through the Whole Island of Great Britain to inspire his fellow countrymen and women. He saw this island as a land of opportunity, rather than the island of difficulties he created in Robinson Crusoe.

Nick follows the first of Defoe’s 17 trips: from London through the mud and marshes of Essex, the storm-battered coast of Suffolk and the commercial heartland of Norfolk.

In doing so, Nick tries to uncover why Defoe started with East Anglia. Why was it so important in his day? And what happened to it afterwards?

Who was Daniel Defoe?

Daniel Defoe (1659 or 61 – 1731) was a pioneering English novelist, the father of modern journalism, a writer who published over 500 works and the author of one of the greatest adventure stories ever written.

But with this work he had deeper aims than spinning a good yarn. Daniel Defoe was obsessed with money – the making and losing of it.

He thought a guidebook would fill a gap in the market, and make him rich. That’s probably why he wrote the Tour anonymously. He paints an incredible picture of Britain, but hides the person who wrote them. By coming across as a well traveled entrepeneur, Defoe concealed his own notoriety as the 18th century equivalent of Del-Boy.

07 – John Leland
Where was the journey?

In the 1530s, England was in a state of turbulence, caused by Henry VIII’s break from Rome and dissolution of the monasteries. Leland was sent on a mission by the monarch to save the libraries of these vanishing monasteries. But over nine years (1533-42), he turned the trip into something bigger.

Leland planned to produce the information for a great map of Great Britain. He set himself the task of visiting and describing the entire nation in detail. It was a staggering undertaking, one that ultimately drove him mad.

The journey that best exhibits Leland’s legacy was his 1533 visit to Somerset, Devon and Cornwall.

In this Great British Journey, Nick Crane retraces Leland’s route and tries to discover what impact the dissolution of the monasteries had on the Tudor landscape. Does anything of that landscape remain today? And what was it about this project that cost Leland his sanity?

Who was John Leland?

Born in 1503, John Leland became a Royal Chaplain in 1529 then sub-librarian to Henry VIII. A scholar and priest, he was by instinct a geographer with a fantastic eye for detail.

His journals made him the great recorder of Tudor England: although he feared his words wouldn’t survive, Henry VIII ordered them preserved. And while Leland died without producing his great map of England, the notes he left behind confirmed him as England’s original discoverer, the man who invented field work and whose rigorous methods laid the ground for generations of mapmakers.

So why did he go mad? It’s probable that the magnitude of his task took a huge toll on Leland. And as a religious man, it must have pained him to see the fabric of the church being destroyed. But perhaps it was the loneliness of being so far ahead of his time that finally drove him over the edge.

08 – HV Morton
Where was the journey?

HV Morton toured Scotland in the 1920 and 30s, driving a Bullnose Morris, from south to north and east to west.

At the time, Scotland still had the feeling of wild unexplored lands – and the motor car the novelty of a new form of transport that could open such places up. Morton tried to capture this spirit with his writing, and in doing so struck a popular chord with the middle classes of his day.

But there are layers beneath what initially appears an unashamedly picturesque meander through Scotland. For example, did Morton really believe the car was the ultimate mode of travel? What was he really looking for? Did he embellish his account at all? And how much has Scotland changed in the 70-odd years since?

Who was HV Morton?
The wonderfully-named Henry Canova Vollam Morton was born in Lancashire in 1892. At 17, he joined the paper his father edited: The Birmingham Gazette. This led to The Daily Express, where he made his name covering the discovery of Tutankhamun’s tomb.

Despite his English birth, Morton’s Scottish mother had filled his childhood with tales of Bonnie Prince Charlie, William Wallace and Rob Roy. It was inevitable he’d leap at The Daily Express’s request for a series of articles on driving round Scotland.

It led to two books: In Search of Scotland (1929) and In Scotland Again (1933). They are two of the earliest and best books from a 60-year career in travel writing, that also covered Europe, Africa and the Middle East. They’re escapist classics, a romantic blend of landscape, history and colourful characters, with nothing reserved about the style. If anything, Morton runs out superlatives too soon, but this weakness can also be a strength of great travel writing: it truly makes you wish you were there.

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In June 2000, astronomers made an extraordinary discovery. One that promises to solve one of the biggest problems in cosmology – how and why galaxies are created. Incredibly, the answer involves the most weird, destructive and terrifying objects in the Universe – supermassive black holes. Scientists are beginning to believe that these forces of pure destruction actually help trigger the birth of galaxies and therefore are at the heart of the creation of stars, planets and all life.

Supermassive black holes are so extraordinary that until recently, many people doubted that they existed at all. The idea of giant black holes the size of the Solar System seemed more like science fiction that reality – such monsters would be so powerful that they could destroy the very fabric of the Universe. But in the last five years a series of discoveries has changed our understanding of supermassive black holes and galaxies forever.

Using the powerful Hubble Space Telescope, scientists have been scanning nearby galaxies, searching for these giant black holes. It’s a difficult job – by their very nature black holes swallow light – so can never be seen. So what scientists have been looking for is the effect of their massive gravity, hurling stars around them at immense speed. What they’ve found is more extraordinary than anyone could ever have imagined; not just evidence that these vast destructive monsters exist… but so far they’re in every single galaxy toward which they have turned their telescopes. These giant agents of destruction appear to be common throughout the Universe. Scientists now think supermassive black holes are a fundamental part of what a galaxy actually is.

Lurking at the heart of every single galaxy is a giant black hole of apocalyptic proportions – and that includes our own galaxy, the Milky Way. Astronomer Andrea Ghez has been studying the heart of the Milky Way for the last five years. What she\’s discovered is irrefutable evidence for a giant black hole, 3 billion times the size of our own sun. A black hole that could destroy the entire Solar System. And as Horizon was filming in July 2000, Ghez got some terrifying images – of the giant monster sucking up gas and stars at the galaxy heart.

So what is this giant monster doing at the heart of our galaxy? What effect will this giant black hole 25,000 light years away have on us and the rest of the galaxy around it? These are questions that have been puzzling astronomers for the last few years – and in June, two separate groups of scientists found evidence that points to a startling answer. Rather than being destructive parasites, it seems that supermassive black holes may be essential in the very creation of the galaxies they live in.

Exactly how our galaxy was created has mystified astronomers and physicists for years. Although there have been many theories, there’s little evidence to explain how the gas in the early Universe condensed to form the galaxy we see today. Now scientists realise they’ve been missing a vital ingredient – a supermassive black hole. The immense gravity of a giant black hole might trigger the gas to collapse in the first place. By churning up the gas around it, a giant black hole would trigger the birth of stars, planets and life itself. Despite being the most destructive thing in the Universe, scientists now think our supermassive black hole could be crucial in creating the galaxy as we know it.

The supermassive black hole in our own galaxy may be the reason we exist, but recent work suggests it may also be our end. At present Earth is so far away from the black hole that it can’t affect us, but physicist John Dubinski thinks all that could change. In January 2000 he graphically simulated the final fate of our galaxy. In 3 billion years we will collide with the next door galaxy, Andromeda. The resulting apocalypse will force the Earth and our Solar System out of orbit. Dubinski has calculated a worrying 50:50 chance that we’ll be sent hurtling in towards the black hole at the centre of this maelstrom. This would be fatal for the Earth.

Technical Specs

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RunTime Per Part: 44m 40s
Number Of Parts: 1
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pass: calek

The Divine Michelangelo (2004)
DVDRIP | Language: English | XviD 720×480 | 118 mins | 25 fps | Audio 224 kbps | Greek Subtitles | 1.6GB | Genre: Documentary, History, Art

Unveiling the man behind the myth. Five hundred years ago, Michelangelo created three of the art world’s greatest icons: the statue of David, the painted ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican and the dome of St Peter’s in Rome. This revealing drama documentary traces his development from angry young man to pride of Rome.

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